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Functions — Alphabetical List

Below is an alphabetical list of all Excel functions documented in this user guide. Each function links to its dedicated page and includes a brief description.

  • ABS Returns the absolute value of a number. Useful for distance, magnitude, and removing sign without changing magnitude.

  • ACCRINT Calculates accrued interest for a security that pays periodic interest between issue and settlement dates. Supports day-count bases and an option for including the first period.

  • ACCRINTM Calculates interest accrued at maturity for a security from issue to maturity. Supports multiple day-count conventions.

  • ACOS Returns the arccosine (inverse cosine) of a number in radians. Input must be between −1 and 1.

  • ACOSH Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number (number ≥ 1). Useful in engineering and math contexts.

  • ACOT Returns the arccotangent of a number in radians (inverse of cotangent). Handles all real inputs.

  • ACOTH Returns the inverse hyperbolic cotangent of a number where |number| > 1.

  • ADD In Excel, the + symbol is used as an arithmetic operator to add numbers together.

  • ADDRESS Creates a cell address as a text string from a row and column number. Supports absolute, relative, and mixed references in A1-style or R1C1-style notation, with optional sheet name qualification.

  • AGGREGATE Applies an aggregate like SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, etc., with options to ignore errors, hidden rows, and nested subtotals.

  • AMORDEGRC Returns depreciation for each accounting period using the French accelerated method with coefficients based on asset life. Useful for financial and tax accounting.

  • AMORLINC Returns depreciation for each accounting period using the straight-line method, prorated for partial periods. Useful for fixed‑asset accounting.

  • AND Returns TRUE if all the arguments evaluate to TRUE; otherwise returns FALSE. Often used with IF to build compound logical tests.

  • ARABIC Converts a Roman numeral text string to its Arabic numeral equivalent.

  • AREAS Returns the number of areas (distinct contiguous ranges) in a reference. Useful for validating multi-area references and building dynamic formulas.

  • ARRAYTOTEXT The ARRAYTOTEXT function in Excel converts an array (or range) of values into a text string.

  • ASC The ASC function in Excel is used to convert full-width (double-byte) characters in a text string to half-width ( single-byte) characters.

  • ASIN Returns the arcsine (inverse sine) of a number in radians. Input must be between −1 and 1.

  • ASINH Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number.

  • ATAN Returns the arctangent (inverse tangent) of a number in radians.

  • ATAN2 Returns the arctangent of the quotient of its arguments, using the signs to determine the correct quadrant.

  • ATANH Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number (−1 < number < 1).

  • AVEDEV Calculates the average of the absolute deviations of data points from their mean. Useful for measuring dispersion without regard to direction.

  • AVERAGE Returns the arithmetic mean of numbers, ranges, or references.

  • AVERAGEA Calculates the average treating TRUE as 1, FALSE as 0, and text as 0. Helpful when averaging data that includes logical or text values.

  • AVERAGEIF Calculates the average of cells that meet a specified condition. Optionally averages a separate range when a matching criteria range is provided.

  • AVERAGEIFS Calculates the average for cells specified by multiple criteria across ranges. Useful for multi-condition averaging.

  • BAHTTEXT Converts a number to Thai text and adds the suffix "Baht". Used to express numeric currency values in written Thai for financial documents.

  • BASE Converts a number to text in a specified base (2–36), such as binary or hexadecimal.

  • BESSELI Returns the modified Bessel function of the first kind In(x) for a given value x and order n. Common in engineering and physics for problems with cylindrical symmetry.

  • BESSELJ Returns the Bessel function of the first kind Jn(x) for a given value x and order n. Useful in modeling wave propagation, vibrations, and heat conduction.

  • BESSELK Returns the modified Bessel function of the second kind Kn(x) for a given value x and order n. Used in engineering and applied mathematics for certain differential equations.

  • BESSELY Returns the Bessel function of the second kind Yn(x) for a given value x and order n. Often used in physics and engineering analyses with cylindrical or spherical coordinates.

  • BETA.DIST Returns the beta distribution (PDF or CDF). Useful in statistics for modeling probabilities.

  • BETA.INV The BETA.INV function in Excel calculates the inverse of the cumulative beta probability density function for a given probability.

  • BETADIST Returns the beta cumulative distribution (compatibility). Superseded by BETA.DIST.

  • BETAINV Returns the inverse of the beta cumulative distribution for a given probability and parameters, optionally bounded between A and B.

  • BIN2DEC Converts a binary number to its decimal equivalent. Supports two's complement interpretation for 10-bit negative numbers.

  • BIN2HEX Converts a binary number to hexadecimal. Supports two's complement interpretation for up to 10-bit inputs and optional padding.

  • BIN2OCT Converts a binary number to octal. Supports two's complement interpretation for up to 10-bit inputs and optional padding.

  • BINOM.DIST Returns the binomial distribution for the number of successes in trials, as either probability mass or cumulative probability.

  • BINOM.DIST.RANGE Returns the probability of a number of successes falling within a range for a binomial distribution.

  • BINOMDIST Calculates the individual term binomial probability for a specified number of successes in a series of independent trials.

  • BINOMINV Returns the smallest value for which the cumulative binomial distribution is greater than or equal to a criterion probability.

  • BITAND Performs a bitwise AND operation on two non‑negative integers. Returns a decimal number whose bits are 1 only where both inputs have 1s.

  • BITLSHIFT Shifts a number's bits left by a specified number of positions. Equivalent to multiplying by 2^shift for non‑negative integers.

  • BITOR Performs a bitwise OR operation on two non‑negative integers. Returns a decimal number with 1s where either input has a 1.

  • BITRSHIFT Shifts a number's bits right by a specified number of positions. Equivalent to truncating division by powers of two for non‑negative integers.

  • BITXOR Performs a bitwise exclusive OR (XOR) on two non‑negative integers. Bits are 1 where inputs differ.

  • BYCOL Applies a LAMBDA function to each column in an array, returning a single-row array of results. Useful for column-wise aggregations like sums, averages, or custom calculations.

  • BYROW Applies a LAMBDA function to each row in an array, returning a single-column array of results. Useful for row-wise aggregations like sums, averages, or custom calculations.

  • CEILING Rounds a number up to a specified multiple of significance. Consistent for positive values; see CEILING.MATH for extended behavior.

  • CEILING.MATH Rounds up to the nearest integer or specified multiple, with options for handling negative numbers.

  • CEILING.PRECISE Rounds up to the nearest integer or specified multiple regardless of sign. Always rounds toward zero for negatives.

  • CELL Returns information about the formatting, location, or contents of a cell. Accepts an info_type string and an optional cell reference.

  • CHAR The CHAR function in Excel returns the character associated with the specified ASCII code.

  • CHIDIST Returns the right-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution. Commonly used in goodness-of-fit and independence tests.

  • CHIINV Returns the inverse of the right-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution. Use it to obtain critical chi-squared values for a given probability and degrees of freedom.

  • CHISQ.DIST Returns the chi-squared distribution (PDF or CDF) for a value and degrees of freedom. Used in hypothesis testing and goodness-of-fit analyses.

  • CHISQ.DIST.RT Returns the right-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution. Commonly used for hypothesis tests.

  • CHISQ.INV Returns the inverse of the left‑tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution for a given probability and degrees of freedom.

  • CHISQ.INV.RT Returns the inverse of the right‑tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution.

  • CHISQ.TEST Performs the chi-squared test for independence between two categorical datasets.

  • CHITEST Returns the p-value associated with the chi-squared test comparing observed and expected frequencies. Often used for goodness-of-fit and tests of independence in contingency tables.

  • CHOOSE Returns a value or reference from a list based on an index number. Useful for dynamically selecting values or ranges in formulas.

  • CHOOSECOLS Returns specified columns from an array or range by index. Supports positive indices from left, negative from right, and column reordering.

  • CHOOSEROWS Returns specified rows from an array or range by index. Supports positive indices from top, negative from bottom, and row reordering.

  • COLUMN Returns the column number of a cell reference. If no reference is provided, returns the column number of the cell containing the formula.

  • COLUMNS Returns the number of columns in a reference or array. Useful for dynamic formulas and determining array dimensions.

  • CLEAN The CLEAN function in Excel is used to remove all non-printable characters from a given text string.

  • CODE The CODE function in Excel returns the numeric code corresponding to the first character of the text string it is given.

  • COMBIN Returns the number of combinations for a given number of items. Order does not matter.

  • COMBINA Returns combinations with repetitions allowed. Useful when items can repeat in selections.

  • COMPLEX Creates a complex number from real and imaginary coefficients in the form a+bi or a+bj. Useful for calculations that operate on complex numbers.

  • CONCAT Introduced in Excel 2016, the CONCAT function is used to join multiple text strings into one single string.

  • CONCATENATE The CONCATENATE function in Excel is used to join two or more text strings into one single string.

  • CONFIDENCE Returns the confidence interval margin of error for a population mean using the normal distribution. Helps construct a mean estimate at a specified significance level.

  • CONFIDENCE.NORM Calculates the confidence interval for a population mean using a normal distribution, given alpha, standard deviation, and sample size.

  • CONFIDENCE.T The CONFIDENCE.T function in Excel calculates the confidence interval for a population mean when using a * t-distribution*.

  • CONVERT Converts a number from one measurement system to another (e.g., lbm to kg).

  • CORREL Returns the Pearson correlation coefficient between two data sets, indicating the strength and direction of linear relationship.

  • COS Returns the cosine of an angle given in radians.

  • COSH The COSH function in Excel returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number.

  • COT Returns the cotangent of an angle (1/TAN) in radians.

  • COTH Returns the hyperbolic cotangent of a number.

  • COUNT Counts the number of numeric values in a supplied range or array.

  • COUNTA Counts the number of non-empty cells in a range, including cells containing text, numbers, logical values, and errors.

  • COUNTBLANK Counts the number of empty (blank) cells in a specified range. Useful for identifying missing data or gaps in a dataset.

  • COUNTIF Counts the number of cells in a range that meet a single specified criterion. Supports numbers, text, expressions, and wildcards for pattern matching.

  • COUNTIFS The COUNTIFS function in Excel is used to count the number of cells that meet multiple criteria across one or more ranges.

  • COUPDAYBS Returns the number of days from the beginning of the coupon period to the settlement date for a coupon-paying security. Supports various day-count bases.

  • COUPDAYS Returns the number of days in the coupon period containing the settlement date. Useful for accrued interest and bond timing calculations.

  • COUPDAYSNC Returns the number of days from the settlement date to the next coupon date. Helps measure time remaining until the next interest payment.

  • COUPNCD Returns the next coupon date after the settlement date for a coupon-paying security. Uses the specified payment frequency and day-count basis.

  • COUPNUM Returns the number of coupons payable between the settlement and maturity dates. Useful for pricing and yield calculations.

  • COUPPCD Returns the previous coupon date before the settlement date. Assists in determining the current coupon period.

  • COVAR Returns the covariance of two data sets, indicating how two variables change together. Available for compatibility; newer functions provide improved accuracy.

  • COVARIANCE.P Returns the population covariance between two data sets.

  • COVARIANCE.S Returns the sample covariance between two data sets.

  • CRITBINOM Returns the smallest value for which the cumulative binomial distribution is greater than or equal to a criterion value. Useful for inverse binomial calculations.

  • CSC Returns the cosecant of an angle (1/SIN) in radians.

  • CSCH Returns the hyperbolic cosecant of a number.

  • CUMIPMT Returns the cumulative interest paid on a loan over a range of payment periods. Useful for assessing total interest costs across specified payments.

  • CUMPRINC Returns the cumulative principal paid on a loan over a range of payment periods. Helps analyze how much of the balance has been reduced.

  • DATE Creates a date from year, month, and day numbers. Useful for constructing valid Excel dates from parts.

  • DATEDIF Calculates the difference between two dates in specified units (years, months, or days). Useful for age or tenure calculations.

  • DATEVALUE Converts a date in text format to a serial number representing a date. Helps turn text dates into proper dates.

  • DAY Returns the day of the month from a date (1–31).

  • DAYS Returns the number of days between two dates.

  • DAYS360 Calculates days between two dates based on a 360-day year. Often used in financial calculations.

  • DB Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the fixed-declining balance method. Useful for accelerated depreciation schedules.

  • DBCS Converts half-width (single-byte) characters in a text string to full-width (double-byte) characters. Inverse of the ASC function, used for East Asian language text processing.

  • DDB Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the double-declining balance method or a custom factor. Models faster early-life depreciation.

  • DEC2BIN Converts a decimal number to binary with optional padding. Negative numbers are represented using two's complement up to 10 bits.

  • DEC2HEX Converts a decimal number to hexadecimal with optional padding. Negative numbers use two's complement representation up to 10 bits.

  • DEC2OCT Converts a decimal number to octal with optional padding. Negative numbers use two's complement representation up to 10 bits.

  • DECIMAL Converts a text representation of a number in a given base into a decimal number.

  • DEGREES Converts radians to degrees.

  • DELTA Tests whether two numbers are equal (Kronecker delta). Returns 1 if equal, 0 otherwise; useful for filtering or comparisons.

  • DEVSQ The DEVSQ function in Excel calculates the sum of the squared deviations of data points from their sample mean.

  • DISC Returns the discount rate of a security, given settlement and maturity dates, price, and redemption value. Useful for discount yield calculations.

  • DIVIDE In Excel, the / symbol is used as an arithmetic operator to divide one number by another.

  • DROP Excludes a specified number of rows or columns from the beginning or end of an array. Positive values drop from the start; negative values drop from the end.

  • DOLLAR The DOLLAR function in Excel is used to convert a number to text in a currency format, using the formatting style "$ #,##0.00".

  • DOLLARDE Converts a dollar price expressed as a fraction to a decimal. Helpful for converting securities prices quoted in fractional form.

  • DOLLARFR Converts a dollar price expressed as a decimal to a fraction. Useful for formatting and converting bond prices to fractional notation.

  • DURATION Returns the Macauley duration of a security with periodic interest payments. Measures sensitivity of price to interest rate changes.

  • EDATE Returns a date a specified number of months before or after a start date.

  • EFFECT Returns the effective annual interest rate given a nominal rate and compounding periods per year. Converts nominal rates to effective rates for comparisons.

  • EOMONTH Returns the last day of the month a given number of months before or after a start date.

  • ERF Returns the error function ERF integrated between limits; with one argument integrates from 0 to x. Used in statistics, probability, and engineering.

  • ERF.PRECISE Returns the error function ERF from 0 to x with improved precision. Useful for accurate probability and error analyses.

  • ERFC Returns the complementary error function, 1 − ERF(x). Common in statistics and signal processing.

  • ERFC.PRECISE Returns the complementary error function with improved precision. Useful for high‑accuracy probability and error calculations.

  • EVEN Rounds a number up to the nearest even integer.

  • EXACT The EXACT function in Excel is used to compare two text strings to determine if they are exactly the same.

  • EXP Returns e raised to a given power. Useful for continuous growth and natural exponentials.

  • EXPON.DIST The EXPONDIST (or EXP.DIST in newer versions of Excel) function calculates values for the exponential distribution , which is a continuous probability distribution used to model the time between events in a Poisson process.

  • EXPONDIST Returns the exponential distribution, modeling the time between events. Can return the probability density or cumulative distribution.

  • EXPONENTIATION In Excel, the ^ symbol is used as an arithmetic operator for exponentiation, allowing one number to be raised to the power of another.

  • EXPAND Expands an array to specified dimensions by adding rows and/or columns, filling new positions with a customizable pad value (or #N/A by default).

  • F.DIST The FDIST (or F.DIST in newer versions of Excel) function calculates values for the F-distribution, which is a continuous probability distribution.

  • F.DIST.RT The F.DIST.RT function in Excel calculates the right-tailed F-distribution, which is used to determine the probability that the observed F-statistic value (or a more extreme value) would occur under the null hypothesis.

  • F.INV The F.INV function in Excel calculates the inverse of the F-distribution.

  • F.INV.RT The F.INV.RT function in Excel calculates the inverse of the (right-tailed) F-distribution.

  • F.TEST The F.TEST function in Excel calculates the two-tailed probability that the variances between two data sets are significantly different.

  • FACT Returns the factorial of a number (n!), the product of all positive integers up to n.

  • FACTDOUBLE Returns the double factorial (n!!), the product of every other integer down to 1 or 2.

  • FDIST Returns the right-tailed F probability distribution. Used in analyses that compare variances, such as ANOVA.

  • FILTER Filters a range or array based on one or more criteria and returns the matching rows. Supports an optional value to return when no matches are found.

  • FIND The FIND function in Excel is used to find the position of a specific substring within a text string.

  • FINDB Locates one text string within another and returns the starting position in bytes. Equivalent to FIND in single-byte character set languages; counts each double-byte character as 2 bytes in DBCS languages such as Japanese, Chinese, and Korean.

  • FINV Returns the inverse of the right-tailed F probability distribution. Useful for finding critical F values for given probabilities.

  • FISHER The FISHER function in Excel calculates the Fisher transformation of a given number.

  • FISHERINV The FISHERINV function in Excel calculates the inverse Fisher transformation of a given number.

  • FIXED The FIXED function in Excel is used to round a number to a specified number of decimal places and format it as text.

  • FLOOR Rounds a number down toward zero to the nearest multiple of significance.

  • FLOOR.MATH Rounds down to the nearest integer or multiple, with options for handling negatives.

  • FLOOR.PRECISE Rounds down to the nearest integer or multiple regardless of sign.

  • FORECAST The FORECAST function in Excel predicts a future value based on existing values by utilizing linear regression.

  • FORECAST.ETS The FORECAST.ETS function in Excel is used to predict a future value using the Exponential Smoothing (ETS) algorithm.

  • FORECAST.ETS.CONFINT The FORECAST.ETS.CONFINT function in Excel returns a confidence interval for a forecast value at a specified target date, using the Exponential Smoothing (ETS) algorithm.

  • FORECAST.ETS.SEASONALITY The FORECAST.ETS.SEASONALITY function in Excel returns the length of the seasonal pattern detected by the Exponential Smoothing (ETS) algorithm in the specified time series data.

  • FORECAST.ETS.STAT The FORECAST.ETS.STAT function in Excel returns a statistical value related to the Exponential Smoothing (ETS) forecast model, providing access to smoothing parameters and goodness-of-fit metrics.

  • FORECAST.LINEAR The FORECAST.LINEAR function in Excel is similar to the FORECAST function and is used to predict or estimate a future value along a linear trend.

  • FORMULATEXT Returns the formula from a referenced cell as text. Helpful for auditing, documentation, and troubleshooting.

  • FREQUENCY The FREQUENCY function in Excel is used to calculate the frequency distribution of a dataset within specified intervals or bins.

  • FTEST Returns the result of an F-test as a probability that two arrays have equal variances. Commonly used to compare variability between two data sets.

  • FV Returns the future value of an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate.

  • FVSCHEDULE Returns the future value of an initial principal after applying a schedule of interest rates. Useful for varying-rate growth.

  • GAMMA Returns the Gamma function value for a specified number; generalizes factorial to real numbers.

  • GAMMA.DIST The GAMMA.DIST function in Excel is used to calculate the Gamma probability density function or cumulative distribution function for a specified set of parameters.

  • GAMMA.INV The GAMMA.INV function in Excel is used to calculate the inverse of the Gamma cumulative distribution function for a given probability and specified parameters.

  • GAMMADIST The GAMMADIST function in Excel is used to calculate the Gamma distribution for a given set of values.

  • GAMMAINV The GAMMAINV function in Excel is used to calculate the inverse of the Gamma cumulative distribution for a given probability.

  • GAMMALN Returns the natural logarithm of the Gamma function for a specified value.

  • GAMMALN.PRECISE Returns the natural logarithm of the Gamma function with improved precision.

  • GAUSS Returns 0.5 minus the standard normal cumulative distribution for the given z, i.e., probability between 0 and z.

  • GCD Returns the greatest common divisor of two or more integers.

  • GEOMEAN Returns the geometric mean of positive numbers, useful for growth rates and ratios.

  • GESTEP Returns 1 if a number is greater than or equal to a step value; otherwise returns 0. Handy for threshold tests and step-based logic.

  • GROWTH The GROWTH function in Excel is used to calculate exponential growth by predicting future values based on existing data.

  • GROUPBY Groups data by one or more row fields and aggregates values using a specified function such as SUM, AVERAGE, or COUNT. Produces pivot-table-style summaries directly in a formula with options for headers, totals, sorting, and filtering.

  • HARMEAN Returns the harmonic mean of positive numbers, emphasizing smaller values; useful for rates and ratios.

  • HEX2BIN Converts a hexadecimal number to binary with optional padding. Supports two's complement for negative values within range.

  • HEX2DEC Converts a hexadecimal number to decimal. Interprets negative values using two's complement.

  • HEX2OCT Converts a hexadecimal number to octal with optional padding. Supports two's complement for negative values within range.

  • HLOOKUP Searches for a value in the top row of a table and returns a value in the same column from a specified row. Horizontal equivalent of VLOOKUP.

  • HOUR Returns the hour component of a time value as an integer from 0 to 23.

  • HSTACK Horizontally stacks values or arrays into a single array, aligning rows and concatenating columns. Useful for combining ranges side by side.

  • HYPGEOM.DIST Returns the hypergeometric distribution (PDF or CDF), modeling successes in draws without replacement from a finite population.

  • HYPGEOMDIST Returns the hypergeometric distribution. Models successes in draws without replacement from a finite population.

  • IF Checks a condition and returns one value if TRUE and another if FALSE. Often nested to handle multiple conditions.

  • IFERROR Returns a specified value if a formula evaluates to an error; otherwise returns the result of the formula. Useful for handling errors like #DIV/0! or #N/A.

  • IFNA Returns a specified value if a formula evaluates to #N/A; otherwise returns the formula result. Useful for handling lookup misses while preserving other error types.

  • IFS Evaluates multiple conditions and returns the value for the first condition that is TRUE. Simplifies complex nested IF statements.

  • IMABS Returns the absolute value (modulus) of a complex number in text form. Useful for magnitude calculations in complex arithmetic.

  • IMAGINARY Returns the imaginary coefficient of a complex number. If the number has no imaginary part, returns 0.

  • IMARGUMENT Returns the argument (phase angle) of a complex number in radians. Useful for polar representation.

  • IMCONJUGATE Returns the complex conjugate of a complex number by changing the sign of the imaginary part.

  • IMCOS Returns the cosine of a complex number expressed as text.

  • IMCOSH Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a complex number expressed as text.

  • IMCOT Returns the cotangent of a complex number expressed as text.

  • IMCSC Returns the cosecant of a complex number expressed as text.

  • IMCSCH Returns the hyperbolic cosecant of a complex number expressed as text.

  • IMDIV Returns the quotient of two complex numbers.

  • IMEXP Returns the exponential of a complex number.

  • IMLN Returns the natural logarithm of a complex number.

  • IMLOG10 Returns the base‑10 logarithm of a complex number.

  • IMLOG2 Returns the base‑2 logarithm of a complex number.

  • IMPOWER Returns a complex number raised to a power.

  • IMPRODUCT Returns the product of complex numbers.

  • IMREAL Returns the real coefficient of a complex number.

  • IMSEC Returns the secant of a complex number expressed as text.

  • IMSECH Returns the hyperbolic secant of a complex number expressed as text.

  • IMSIN Returns the sine of a complex number expressed as text.

  • IMSINH Returns the hyperbolic sine of a complex number expressed as text.

  • IMSQRT Returns the square root of a complex number.

  • IMSUB Returns the difference of two complex numbers.

  • IMSUM Returns the sum of complex numbers.

  • IMTAN Returns the tangent of a complex number expressed as text.

  • INDEX The INDEX function in Excel returns a value or the reference to a value from within a table or range.

  • INT Rounds a number down to the nearest integer.

  • INTERCEPT The INTERCEPT function in Excel is used to calculate the y-intercept of the linear regression line for a given set of data points.

  • INTRATE Returns the interest rate for a fully invested security given settlement, maturity, investment, and redemption, using a specified day-count basis.

  • IPMT Returns the interest payment for a specific period of an annuity based on constant periodic payments and a constant interest rate.

  • IRR Returns the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows. Requires at least one negative and one positive value.

  • ISBLANK Returns TRUE if a cell is empty; otherwise FALSE. Useful for input validation and detecting missing data.

  • ISERR Returns TRUE if a value is any error except #N/A. Useful for handling calculation errors while allowing #N/A to propagate for separate lookup-failure handling.

  • ISERROR Returns TRUE if a value is any error, including #N/A, #VALUE!, #REF!, #DIV/0!, #NUM!, #NAME?, and #NULL!. Useful for universal error handling in formulas.

  • ISNUMBER Returns TRUE if a value is numeric; otherwise FALSE.

  • ISO.CEILING Rounds a number up to the nearest multiple of significance using ISO-compliant rules.

  • ISOWEEKNUM Returns the ISO week number of a date (1–53) according to ISO 8601 rules.

  • ISPMT Returns the interest paid for a given period of an investment using simple interest. Useful for straight-line interest on principal.

  • JIS Converts half-width (single-byte) characters in a text string to full-width (double-byte) characters. Equivalent to the DBCS function, named after the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) character encoding. Inverse of ASC.

  • KURT The KURT function in Excel is used to calculate the kurtosis of a dataset, which measures the sharpness or " tailedness" of the data distribution.

  • LARGE The LARGE function in Excel is used to return the k-th largest value in a dataset.

  • LAMBDA Creates custom, reusable functions by defining parameters and a calculation formula. Note: Codcel supports inline LAMBDA only; named LAMBDAs are not currently supported.

  • LET Assigns names to calculation results within a formula, reducing repetition and improving readability. Similar to variable assignment in programming.

  • LCM Returns the least common multiple of integers. Useful for aligning cycles or denominators.

  • LEFT The LEFT function in Excel is a text function that allows users to extract a specified number of characters from the beginning (left side) of a text string.

  • LEFTB Returns the first character or characters in a text string, based on the number of bytes you specify. Equivalent to LEFT in single-byte character set languages; counts each double-byte character as 2 bytes in DBCS languages such as Japanese, Chinese, and Korean.

  • LENB Returns the number of bytes in a text string rather than characters. Equivalent to LEN in single-byte character set languages; counts each double-byte character as 2 bytes in DBCS languages such as Japanese, Chinese, and Korean.

  • LEN Returns the number of characters in a text string, including spaces, punctuation, and numbers.

  • LINEST The LINEST function in Excel is used to calculate the statistics for a line by fitting a straight line (using the linear regression method) to your dataset.

  • LN Returns the natural logarithm (base e) of a positive number.

  • LOG Returns the logarithm of a number to a specified base. Defaults to base 10 if omitted.

  • LOG10 Returns the base‑10 logarithm of a positive number.

  • LOGEST The LOGEST function in Excel is used to calculate an exponential curve that best fits your data, and returns an array of values that describe the curve.

  • LOGINV The LOGINV function in Excel is used to calculate the inverse of the log-normal cumulative distribution for a given probability.

  • LOGNORM.DIST The LOGNORM.DIST function in Excel is used to return values from a log-normal distribution, which is a probability distribution of a random variable whose logarithm is normally distributed.

  • LOGNORM.INV The LOGNORM.INV function in Excel is used to calculate the inverse of the lognormal cumulative distribution function ( CDF) for a given probability, mean, and standard deviation of a dataset.

  • LOGNORMDIST The LOGNORMDIST function in Excel is used to return the cumulative lognormal distribution of a value x.

  • LOOKUP The LOOKUP function in Excel is used to search for a value in a row or column range and returns a corresponding value from a different row or column.

  • LOWER The LOWER function in Excel is used to convert all uppercase letters in a text string to lowercase letters.

  • MAKEARRAY Creates an array of a specified size by applying a LAMBDA function to generate each element based on its row and column position.

  • MAP Applies a LAMBDA function to each element in one or more arrays, returning a new array of transformed results.

  • MATCH The MATCH function in Excel searches for a specified value in a range and returns the relative position of that item within the range.

  • MAX Returns the largest value among numbers, ranges, or references.

  • MAXA Returns the largest value in a set of values, including logical values and text. Unlike MAX, it treats TRUE as 1, FALSE as 0, and text as 0.

  • MAXIFS The MAXIFS function in Excel is used to find the maximum value in a range that meets one or more conditions ( criteria).

  • MDETERM Returns the matrix determinant of a square array or cell range.

  • MDURATION Returns the modified duration of a security with periodic interest. Measures interest rate sensitivity adjusted for yield compounding.

  • MEDIAN The MEDIAN function in Excel is used to calculate the median or the middle value of a set of numbers.

  • MID The MID function in Excel is used to extract a specific number of characters from a text string, starting at a specified position.

  • MIDB Returns a specific number of characters from a text string, starting at a specified position, based on the number of bytes rather than characters. Equivalent to MID in single-byte character set languages; counts each double-byte character as 2 bytes in DBCS languages such as Japanese, Chinese, and Korean.

  • MIN Returns the smallest value among numbers, ranges, or references.

  • MINA Returns the smallest value in a set of values, including logical values and text. Unlike MIN, it treats TRUE as 1, FALSE as 0, and text as 0.

  • MINIFS The MINIFS function in Excel is used to find the minimum value in a range that meets one or more conditions ( criteria).

  • MINUTE Returns the minute component of a time value as an integer from 0 to 59.

  • MINVERSE Returns the inverse matrix of a square array or cell range.

  • MIRR Returns the modified internal rate of return for a series of cash flows, considering the cost of investment and reinvestment rate.

  • MMULT Returns the matrix product of two arrays, with inner dimensions matching.

  • MOD Returns the remainder after division; sign follows the divisor.

  • MODE The MODE function in Excel is used to find the most frequently occurring value in a dataset.

  • MODE.MULT The MODE.MULT function in Excel is used to find one or more modes (most frequently occurring values) in a dataset.

  • MODE.SNGL The MODE.SNGL function in Excel is used to find the single most frequently occurring value (mode) in a dataset.

  • MONTH Returns the month of a date as an integer from 1 to 12.

  • MROUND Rounds a number to the nearest multiple of a given significance.

  • MULTINOMIAL Returns (sum of inputs)! divided by the product of each input's factorial.

  • MULTIPLY In Excel, the * symbol is used as an arithmetic operator to multiply numbers together.

  • MUNIT Returns an identity matrix of a specified dimension.

  • N Converts values to numbers. Returns the numeric value for numbers, dates, or logicals; returns 0 for text.

  • NEGBINOM.DIST The NEGBINOM.DIST function in Excel is used to calculate the negative binomial distribution, which represents the probability of a certain number of failures occurring before a specified number of successes is achieved in a series of independent trials.

  • NEGBINOMDIST The NEGBINOMDIST function in Excel is used to calculate the negative binomial distribution.

  • NETWORKDAYS Returns the number of whole working days between two dates, excluding weekends and optionally specified holidays.

  • NETWORKDAYS.INTL Returns the number of whole working days between two dates, with the ability to specify custom weekend days and optionally exclude holidays. Extends NETWORKDAYS for non-standard work-week configurations.

  • NOMINAL Returns the nominal annual interest rate given the effective rate and number of compounding periods per year.

  • NORM.DIST The NORM.DIST function in Excel is used to calculate the normal distribution for a given value.

  • NORM.INV The NORM.INV function in Excel is used to calculate the inverse of the normal cumulative distribution for a specified probability, mean, and standard deviation.

  • NORM.S.DIST Calculates the standard normal distribution for a z-score. Returns the cumulative distribution when cumulative is TRUE, or the probability density when FALSE.

  • NORM.S.INV Returns the inverse of the standard normal cumulative distribution, giving the z-score for a given probability between 0 and 1.

  • NORMDIST The NORMDIST function in Excel is used to calculate the normal distribution for a given value.

  • NORMINV The NORMINV function in Excel is used to calculate the inverse of the cumulative normal distribution for a given probability.

  • NORMSDIST Calculates the standard normal cumulative distribution for a given z-score (mean 0, standard deviation 1).

  • NORMSINV Returns the inverse of the standard normal cumulative distribution (mean 0, standard deviation 1). Useful for converting probabilities to z-scores.

  • NOT Returns the logical negation of a value; TRUE becomes FALSE and vice versa.

  • NOW Returns the current date and time as a serial number; updates when the worksheet recalculates.

  • NPER Returns the number of periods for an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate.

  • NPV Returns the net present value of an investment based on a discount rate and a series of cash flows.

  • NUMBERVALUE The NUMBERVALUE function in Excel converts a text representation of a number into an actual numeric value.

  • OCT2BIN Converts an octal number to binary with optional padding. Supports two's complement for negative values within range.

  • OCT2DEC Converts an octal number to decimal. Interprets negatives using two's complement within the valid range.

  • OCT2HEX Converts an octal number to hexadecimal with optional padding. Supports two's complement for negative values within range.

  • ODD Rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer.

  • ODDFPRICE Returns the price per $100 face value of a security with an odd (irregular) first coupon period.

  • ODDFYIELD Returns the yield of a security with an odd (irregular) first coupon period.

  • ODDLPRICE Returns the price per $100 face value of a security with an odd (irregular) last coupon period.

  • ODDLYIELD Returns the yield of a security with an odd (irregular) last coupon period.

  • OFFSET Returns a reference to a range that is offset from a starting cell by a specified number of rows and columns. Useful for creating dynamic ranges and sliding window calculations.

  • OR Returns TRUE if any of the arguments evaluate to TRUE; otherwise returns FALSE. Useful when only one of several conditions needs to be met.

  • PDURATION Returns the number of periods required for an investment to reach a specified value at a given rate.

  • PEARSON The PEARSON function in Excel is used to calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient between two sets of data.

  • PERCENTILE The PERCENTILE function in Excel is used to calculate the k-th percentile of a dataset, where k is a value between 0 and 1.

  • PERCENTILE.EXC The PERCENTILE.EXC function in Excel is used to return the k-th percentile of a data set, where k is a percentile value between 0 and 1 (exclusive).

  • PERCENTILE.INC The PERCENTILE.INC function in Excel is used to return the k-th percentile of a data set, where k is a percentile value between 0 and 1 (inclusive).

  • PERCENTRANK Returns the rank of a value in a data set as a percentage from 0 to 1. Useful for percentile-based comparisons.

  • PERCENTRANK.EXC The PERCENTRANK.EXC function in Excel calculates the rank of a value as a percentage of a range of values ( excluding the boundaries).

  • PERCENTRANK.INC The PERCENTRANK.INC function in Excel calculates the rank of a value as a percentage of a range of values (including the boundaries).

  • PERMUT The PERMUT function in Excel is used to calculate the number of permutations for a given number of objects chosen from a larger set.

  • PERMUTATIONA The PERMUTATIONA function in Excel is used to return the number of permutations for a given number of objects (with repetition allowed) from a total number of objects.

  • PHI The PHI function in Excel is used to return the value of the density function for a standard normal distribution at a given value.

  • PHONETIC Extracts the furigana (phonetic guide) characters from a Japanese text string. Returns the phonetic reading stored by the Input Method Editor (IME), or the original text if no furigana data is present.

  • PI Returns the constant π (pi) ≈ 3.14159.

  • PMT Returns the periodic payment for a loan or investment based on constant payments and a constant interest rate.

  • POISSON The POISSON function in Excel is used to calculate the Poisson probability mass function or the cumulative Poisson probability for a given number of events.

  • POISSON.DIST The POISSON.DIST function in Excel is used to calculate the Poisson probability mass function or the cumulative Poisson probability for a given number of events.

  • POWER Raises a number to a power (number^power). Equivalent to using the ^ operator.

  • PPMT Returns the principal portion of a payment for a given period of an investment.

  • PRICE Returns the price per $100 face value of a security that pays periodic interest, based on yield and day count basis.

  • PRICEDISC Returns the price per $100 face value of a discounted security.

  • PRICEMAT Returns the price per $100 face value of a security that pays interest at maturity.

  • PROB The PROB function in Excel is used to calculate the probability associated with a range of values between upper and lower limits, given a set of corresponding probabilities.

  • PRODUCT Multiplies all the given numbers and returns the product.

  • PROPER The PROPER function in Excel capitalizes the first letter of each word in a given text string while converting the remaining letters to lowercase.

  • PV Returns the present value of an investment based on a series of future payments and a discount rate.

  • QUARTILE Returns the quartile of a data set. Identifies values at the 0th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 100th percentiles.

  • QUARTILE.EXC The QUARTILE.EXC function in Excel is used to return the quartile of a given data set, excluding the smallest and largest values.

  • QUARTILE.INC The QUARTILE.INC function in Excel is used to return the quartile of a given dataset, including all data points.

  • QUOTIENT Returns the integer portion of a division, discarding the remainder.

  • RADIANS Converts degrees to radians.

  • RAND Returns a random decimal number in [0,1). Recalculates on workbook updates.

  • RANDARRAY Returns an array of random numbers with configurable dimensions and bounds.

  • RANDBETWEEN Returns a random integer between the specified inclusive bounds.

  • RANK Returns the rank of a number in a list of numbers. Supports ranking in descending or ascending order.

  • RANK.AVG The RANK.AVG function in Excel is used to determine the rank of a number in a dataset, but unlike the RANK.EQ function, it assigns an average rank if multiple numbers have the same value (i.e., ties).

  • RANK.EQ The RANK.EQ function in Excel is used to determine the rank of a number in a dataset, ensuring that tied values receive the same rank.

  • RATE Returns the interest rate per period of an annuity given payment amount, number of periods, present value, and future value.

  • RECEIVED Returns the amount received at maturity for a fully invested security.

  • REDUCE Reduces an array to a single accumulated value by applying a LAMBDA function cumulatively to each element, starting from an initial value.

  • REGEXEXTRACT Extracts the first substring that matches a regular expression pattern from a text string. Returns the first capture group if one exists, or the entire match otherwise. Useful for parsing numbers, emails, codes, and other patterns from free-form text.

  • REGEXTEST Tests whether a text string matches a regular expression pattern, returning TRUE or FALSE. Useful for data validation, filtering, and conditional logic based on text patterns.

  • REGEXREPLACE Replaces all substrings matching a regular expression pattern with a replacement string. Supports capture group backreferences for advanced text reformatting. Useful for cleaning, restructuring, and transforming text patterns.

  • REPLACE The REPLACE function in Excel is used to replace part of a text string based on the position and length of the substring you want to replace.

  • REPLACEB The REPLACEB function in Excel replaces part of a text string based on byte positions rather than character positions, which is important for double-byte character set (DBCS) languages such as Japanese, Chinese, and Korean.

  • REPT The REPT function in Excel is used to repeat a text string a specified number of times.

  • RIGHT The RIGHT function in Excel is a text function that allows users to extract a specified number of characters from the end (right side) of a text string.

  • RIGHTB Returns the last character or characters in a text string, based on the number of bytes you specify. Equivalent to RIGHT in single-byte character set languages; counts each double-byte character as 2 bytes in DBCS languages such as Japanese, Chinese, and Korean.

  • ROMAN Converts an Arabic numeral to a Roman numeral string.

  • ROUND Rounds a number to a specified number of digits.

  • ROUNDDOWN Rounds a number down toward zero.

  • ROUNDUP Rounds a number up, away from zero.

  • ROW Returns the row number of a cell reference. If no reference is provided, returns the row number of the cell containing the formula.

  • ROWS Returns the number of rows in a reference or array. Useful for dynamic formulas and determining array dimensions.

  • RRI Returns the equivalent interest rate for the growth of an investment over a number of periods.

  • RSQ The RSQ function in Excel is used to return the square of the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (r) between two sets of data points.

  • SEARCH The SEARCH function in Excel is used to find the position of a specific substring within a text string.

  • SEARCHB Locates one text string within another and returns the starting position in bytes. Case-insensitive and supports wildcards. Equivalent to SEARCH in single-byte character set languages; counts each double-byte character as 2 bytes in DBCS languages such as Japanese, Chinese, and Korean.

  • SCAN Applies a LAMBDA function cumulatively to each element of an array, returning an array of all intermediate accumulated values. Useful for running totals, cumulative products, and step-by-step aggregations.

  • SEC Returns the secant of an angle (in radians), the reciprocal of COS. Converts degrees with RADIANS; returns #DIV/0! when COS(number) = 0.

  • SECH Returns the hyperbolic secant of a number, defined as 2/(e^x + e^-x). Approaches zero as the magnitude of the input grows.

  • SECOND Returns the second component of a time value as an integer from 0 to 59.

  • SEQUENCE Generates an array of sequential numbers with configurable rows, columns, start value, and step.

  • SERIESSUM Calculates the sum of a power series at x using an initial power n, step m, and a list of coefficients. Useful for evaluating polynomials and series approximations.

  • SIGN Returns 1 for positive numbers, -1 for negative numbers, and 0 if the number is zero. Indicates the sign of a value.

  • SIN Returns the sine of an angle specified in radians. Convert degrees to radians with the RADIANS function.

  • SINH Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number, (e^x − e^−x)/2. Grows rapidly in magnitude for large positive or negative inputs.

  • SKEW The SKEW function in Excel is used to return the skewness of a distribution.

  • SKEW.P The SKEW.P function in Excel is used to return the population skewness of a distribution.

  • SLN Returns the straight-line depreciation of an asset for one period given cost, salvage, and life.

  • SLOPE The SLOPE function in Excel is used to calculate the slope of the linear regression line based on a set of dependent (y) and independent (x) data points.

  • SMALL The SMALL function in Excel is used to return the k-th smallest value in a dataset.

  • SORT Sorts the contents of a range or array in ascending or descending order based on a specified row or column.

  • SORTBY Sorts a range or array according to values in one or more other ranges or arrays, supporting multiple sort keys and orders.

  • SQRT Returns the positive square root of a non‑negative number. Returns #NUM! for negative inputs.

  • SQRTPI Returns the square root of (number × π). Accepts non‑negative numbers only.

  • STANDARDIZE The STANDARDIZE function in Excel is used to return a normalized value (z-score) from a given distribution.

  • STDEV The STDEV function in Excel is used to estimate the standard deviation of a set of numerical data.

  • STDEV.P The STDEV.P function in Excel is used to calculate the standard deviation of an entire population based on numerical data.

  • STDEV.S The STDEV.S function in Excel is used to calculate the standard deviation of a sample based on numerical data.

  • STDEVA The STDEVA function in Excel is used to calculate the standard deviation of a sample, but it evaluates both numeric and non-numeric data.

  • STDEVPA The STDEVPA function in Excel is used to calculate the standard deviation of an entire population, evaluating both numeric and non-numeric data.

  • STDEVP Calculates the standard deviation for an entire population. Provided for compatibility with earlier Excel versions.

  • STEYX The STEYX function in Excel is used to **calculate the standard error of the predicted y-value in a linear regression ** for a given set of dependent and independent variables.

  • SUBSTITUTE The SUBSTITUTE function in Excel replaces occurrences of a specific text string (old_text) in a given text (text) with another text string (new_text).

  • SUBTOTAL Returns a subtotal for a range using a specified function number, with options to include or ignore hidden rows. Ideal for calculations on filtered data.

  • SUBTRACT Represents the subtraction operator (-) used to subtract numbers, cell references, or expressions. Excel treats text or empty cells as 0 in arithmetic contexts.

  • SUM Adds numbers together across values, ranges, or references and returns their total. Ignores text and empty cells in ranges.

  • SUMIF Sums values in a range that meet a specified condition. Supports an optional separate sum_range and criteria with numbers, expressions, text, or references.

  • SUMIFS Sums values that meet multiple criteria across one or more ranges. Conditions are combined with AND logic; wildcards and comparison operators are supported.

  • SUMPRODUCT Multiplies corresponding elements in arrays and returns the sum of products. Useful for weighted calculations and conditional aggregations.

  • SUMSQ Returns the sum of the squares of the arguments. Helpful in statistical and mathematical computations.

  • SUMX2MY2 Returns the sum of the difference of squares for corresponding elements in two arrays. Arrays must be the same size.

  • SUMX2PY2 Returns the sum of the sum of squares for corresponding elements in two arrays. Arrays must be the same size.

  • SUMXMY2 Returns the sum of squares of differences between corresponding elements in two arrays. Arrays must be the same size.

  • SWITCH Evaluates an expression against a list of values and returns the result for the first match; if none match, returns an optional default. Simplifies formulas that would otherwise require multiple nested IF statements.

  • SYD Returns the sum-of-years' digits depreciation of an asset for a specified period, accelerating depreciation in earlier years.

  • T The T function in Excel checks whether a value is text and returns it if true.

  • TAKE Extracts a specified number of rows or columns from the beginning or end of an array. Positive values take from the start; negative values take from the end.

  • T.DIST The T.DIST function in Excel is used to return the probability density (p-value) of the left-tailed Student's t-distribution, which is widely utilized in hypothesis testing and statistical significance analysis.

  • T.DIST.2T The T.DIST.2T function in Excel is used to return the two-tailed Student's t-distribution probability, which is widely utilized in hypothesis testing to evaluate the significance of a t-value for both tails of the distribution.

  • T.DIST.RT The T.DIST.RT function in Excel is used to return the one-tailed probability of the Student's t-distribution, which is commonly applied in hypothesis testing, particularly for evaluating the significance of a t-value in the right tail of the distribution.

  • T.INV The T.INV function in Excel is used to return the t-value associated with a given probability and degrees of freedom , based on the Student's t-distribution.

  • T.INV.2T The T.INV.2T function in Excel is used to return the t-value for the two-tailed Student's t-distribution, given a probability and degrees of freedom.

  • T.TEST The T.TEST function in Excel is used to calculate the probability associated with a Student's t-test.

  • TAN Returns the tangent of an angle given in radians.

  • TANH Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number.

  • TBILLEQ Returns the bond-equivalent yield for a Treasury bill based on its discount rate and maturity.

  • TBILLPRICE Returns the price per $100 face value for a Treasury bill given its discount rate and settlement/maturity dates.

  • TBILLYIELD Returns the yield for a Treasury bill based on its price and settlement/maturity dates.

  • TDIST The TDIST function in Excel is used to return the probability (p-value) of the Student's t-distribution, which is commonly used to test hypotheses and evaluate statistical significance in data analysis.

  • TEXT The TEXT function in Excel is used to format numbers, dates, and times as text in a specific format.

  • TEXTAFTER The TEXTAFTER function in Excel extracts the portion of a text string that appears after a specified delimiter.

  • TEXTBEFORE The TEXTBEFORE function in Excel extracts the portion of a text string that appears before a specified delimiter.

  • TEXTJOIN Introduced in Excel 2016, the TEXTJOIN function allows users to concatenate (or join) multiple text strings from a range of cells using a specified delimiter.

  • TEXTSPLIT The TEXTSPLIT function in Excel is used to split a text string into multiple cells based on a specified column delimiter, row delimiter, or both.

  • TIME Returns a time value given hours, minutes, and seconds. Use it to construct valid Excel times from components.

  • TIMEVALUE Converts a time in text format to a decimal number representing the time. Useful for turning text times into proper time values.

  • TINV The TINV function in Excel is used to return the critical t-value (inverse of the Student's t-distribution) based on a given probability and the degrees of freedom.

  • TODAY Returns the current date as a serial number; updates when the worksheet recalculates.

  • TRANSPOSE Rotates the orientation of a range or array, converting rows to columns and columns to rows. Useful for restructuring data layouts.

  • TREND The TREND function in Excel is used to return values along a linear trend that fits your data points.

  • TRIM The TRIM function in Excel removes all extra spaces from a text string, leaving only single spaces between words.

  • TRIMRANGE Removes empty rows and columns from the edges of an array or range. Useful for cleaning up data before further processing.

  • TRIMMEAN The TRIMMEAN function in Excel is used to calculate the mean (average) of a data set excluding a specified percentage of data points from the top and bottom.

  • TRUNC Truncates a number to an integer by removing the fractional part.

  • TTEST The TTEST function in Excel is used to calculate the probability (p-value) associated with a Student's t-test.

  • UNICHAR The UNICHAR function in Excel returns the Unicode character that corresponds to the given numeric value.

  • UNICODE The UNICODE function in Excel returns the numeric Unicode value of the first character in a text string.

  • UNIQUE Returns the distinct values from a range or array, with options to compare by rows or columns and to return values that occur exactly once.

  • UPPER The UPPER function in Excel converts all lowercase letters in a given text string to their uppercase equivalents.

  • VALUE The VALUE function in Excel converts a text string that represents a number into an actual numeric value.

  • VALUETOTEXT The VALUETOTEXT function in Excel is used to convert a value into text.

  • VAR The VAR function in Excel is used to estimate the variance based on a sample of data provided.

  • VAR.P The VAR.P function in Excel is used to calculate the variance of an entire population based on the data provided.

  • VAR.S The VAR.S function in Excel is used to calculate the variance of a sample from a dataset.

  • VARA The VARA function in Excel is used to calculate the variance of a sample, evaluating both numeric and non-numeric data including logical values and text.

  • VARP Returns the variance of an entire population. Provided for compatibility with earlier Excel versions.

  • VARPA The VARPA function in Excel is used to calculate the variance of an entire population considering all values, including numbers, text, and logical values.

  • VDB Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified or partial period using the variable declining balance method.

  • VLOOKUP The VLOOKUP function in Excel is used to search for a value in the first column of a table range and return a value in the same row from a specified column.

  • VSTACK Vertically stacks values or arrays into a single array, aligning columns and concatenating rows. Useful for combining ranges top to bottom.

  • WEEKDAY Returns the day of the week as a number, with return_type controlling the numbering scheme. Useful for scheduling and weekday-based logic.

  • WEEKNUM Returns the week number of a date, supporting different week numbering systems.

  • WEIBULL The WEIBULL function in Excel is used to compute the Weibull probability density function or Weibull cumulative distribution function, which is commonly used in reliability analysis and failure rate modeling.

  • WEIBULL.DIST The WEIBULL.DIST function in Excel is used to calculate the Weibull distribution.

  • WORKDAY Returns the date a given number of working days before or after a start date, excluding weekends and optionally holidays.

  • WORKDAY.INTL Returns the date a given number of working days before or after a start date, with the ability to specify custom weekend days and optionally exclude holidays. Extends WORKDAY for non-standard work-week configurations.

  • WRAPCOLS Wraps a row or column of values into a two-dimensional array by columns. Useful for reshaping data into multi-column layouts.

  • WRAPROWS Wraps a row or column of values into a two-dimensional array by rows. Useful for reshaping data into multi-row layouts.

  • XIRR Returns the internal rate of return for a schedule of cash flows that occur at irregular intervals.

  • XLOOKUP

    Note: The lookup_array must not contain functions.

  • XMATCH The XMATCH function searches for a specified item in an array or range of cells, and then returns the relative position of that item.

  • XNPV Returns the net present value for a schedule of cash flows that occur at irregular intervals.

  • XOR Returns TRUE if an odd number of the arguments evaluate to TRUE; otherwise returns FALSE. Implements exclusive OR logic across multiple conditions.

  • YEAR Returns the year component of a date as a four-digit number.

  • YEARFRAC Calculates the fraction of the year between two dates using a specified day-count basis.

  • YIELD Returns the yield of a security that pays periodic interest based on price, rate, and day count basis.

  • YIELD.DISC Returns the annual yield of a discounted security, such as a Treasury bill, based on price and redemption value.

  • YIELD.MAT Returns the annual yield of a security that pays interest at maturity based on price and day count basis.

  • Z.TEST The Z.TEST function in Excel is used to calculate the one-tailed probability value of a z-test.

  • ZTEST The ZTEST function in Excel is used to calculate the one-tailed probability-value of a z-test.